Medicaid Lookback Period and Your House: What You Need to Know

You may worry about losing your home if you need Medicaid to pay for nursing home care. The medicaid lookback period house rule means that the state checks any asset transfers, including your house, going back five years. ¹ This post explains how these medicaid regulations work and shares steps you can take to protect your house during Medicaid planning. ³ Find out what every homeowner needs to know before applying for long-term care medicaid. ²

Key Takeaways

• Medicaid has a five-year lookback period. It reviews all asset transfers, including your house, made in the 60 months before you apply for long-term care Medicaid. In most states, if you transfer or gift your home below fair market value during this time, you risk penalty periods that delay coverage.
• Your primary home is usually exempt from Medicaid’s asset limits if its equity is under $688,000 (or $1,033,000 in some states). If your spouse still lives there or you plan to return home after medical care, the exemption applies. California does not have an equity cap as of 2024.
• Transferring your house to a spouse or disabled child is always allowed without triggering penalties. There are also “safe harbor” exemptions for transfers to caregiver children (living with and caring for you two years before applying) or siblings who co-own and lived there at least one year.
• Selling your house within the lookback period turns sale proceeds into countable assets. You must spend down these funds according to Medicaid rules—such as paying debts or buying approved services—to avoid being disqualified due to having too many resources.
• After death, state estate recovery can claim against your house’s remaining value unless protected by planning tools like irrevocable trusts started over five years ago or specific deeds. Working early with an elder law attorney helps securely protect both eligibility and family property from costly mistakes.

What Is the Medicaid Lookback Period?

The Medicaid lookback period checks your financial history for the past five years before you apply for long-term care coverage. Asset transfers during this time can affect your eligibility for nursing home medicaid and may lead to a penalty period if not handled with care.

Overview of the 5-year review timeline

Medicaid’s Lookback Period reviews all your financial transactions over the past 60 months before you apply for long-term care Medicaid. ¹ If you apply for Medicaid on January 1, 2026, officials will check every asset transfer and major expense from January 1, 2021 forward.

California’s period is shorter at just 30 months until it matches the national standard in 2026.

Asset transfers made during this window get special scrutiny. Any move of property or money below fair market value creates red flags for medicaid eligibility. Planners look for gifts, quick sales to family members, or shifting homeownership into trusts right before applying.

Asset transfers outside this five-year period do not cause penalties and are not part of the review timeline. Early estate planning helps prevent surprises during your medicaid application process and protects your house under current medicaid rules and regulations.

How asset transfers during this period are scrutinized

Medicaid reviews your financial history very closely during the five-year lookback period. The agency examines every major asset transfer or sale, such as gifting money to family, transferring a house to someone else, selling valuables below fair market value, donating cars to charity, or making payments to caregivers without formal legal agreements.

All large withdrawals or transfers over $1,000 face extra scrutiny.

If you sell your home but do not keep clear records showing the sale price matched its fair market value, Medicaid may view the transaction as an improper gift. This can trigger a penalty period and delay your eligibility for long-term care Medicaid benefits.

Setting up irrevocable trusts within this timeframe counts as giving assets away; these trusts are not exempt from penalties. Deferred annuities that postpone payments also create violations under current rules.

Relying on IRS gift tax limits does not protect you here because Medicaid has stricter regulations than federal tax law regarding transferred assets during this review window. Having receipts and official documents ready helps show full compliance with state-specific Medicaid regulations and could prevent severe delays in getting nursing home coverage when you need it most.

How Your House Fits Into Medicaid Eligibility

Your house often plays a key role in your medicaid eligibility for long-term care. Understanding how state-specific medicaid rules treat your primary residence can help you protect the place you call home.

Primary residence as an exempt asset

Medicaid does not count your primary home as an asset if you apply for long-term care Medicaid or nursing home Medicaid. In 2024, most states set a home equity limit of $688,000; a few states use $1,033,000.

Going over these limits can make you ineligible for Medicaid coverage unless you live in California, where no such cap exists for long-term care Medicaid applicants. ² If your spouse lives in the house after you enter a nursing home or need healthcare services through regular Medicaid, the state will still treat your property as exempt no matter what its value is.

You must show intent to return to your home if circumstances force you out temporarily for medical reasons. ² A statement signed by you and kept with other estate planning paperwork often works well as proof.

The exemption also protects homes where an adult child who is legally blind or has a permanent disability resides full-time. In my own work helping families plan for Medicaid eligibility, I have seen that keeping clear records and communicating with a certified Medicaid planner makes it much easier to protect assets like real estate from counting against asset limits during financial history reviews.

Complications with transfers, sales, and estate recovery

Giving your house to children or anyone else within five years of applying for long-term care Medicaid can trigger a penalty period. The state reviews asset transfers made during this look-back period and counts gifts or sales below fair market value as attempts to qualify for benefits improperly.

This action delays coverage just when you may need nursing home care the most. Panic-driven moves, like signing over real estate without planning, often lead to financial stress and possible ineligibility. ³

Selling your primary residence also comes with risks if the money is not spent down according to Medicaid rules before you apply. Even after death, the Medicaid Estate Recovery Program (MERP) aims to collect debts from your estate, usually targeting any remaining equity in your home.

In states such as Colorado, only probate assets are at risk; property held in joint tenancy with rights of survivorship avoids recovery since it doesn’t go through probate. Legal strategies like creating an irrevocable trust or using specific exemptions must start well before you require skilled care to protect your house fully under current medicaid regulations. ⁴

What Happens If You Sell or Transfer Your House During the Lookback Period?

Selling or giving away your house during the Medicaid look-back period can trigger strict penalties and delay long-term care coverage. Review your options with an elder law attorney or certified Medicaid planner to avoid costly mistakes.

Explanation of penalty periods and how they’re calculated

If you transfer your house or any other asset for less than fair market value during the Medicaid look-back period, Medicaid will apply a penalty period. This means you cannot get long-term care Medicaid benefits for a set time.

The penalty period is not limited by any maximum length. To calculate it, divide the total amount transferred by your state's average monthly nursing home cost. For example, in Texas (2024), if you gave away $115,000 or sold property below its real value, divide that by the state’s monthly private pay rate of $7,339.

You would then face around 15 months without Medicaid coverage for nursing home care. ⁵

The start date for this ineligibility begins on the first day of the month after you made an improper asset transfer and applied for Medicaid coverage. Each state uses its own “penalty divisor.” For example, New York may have different rules compared to Texas or Florida.

The application process requires you to show five years’ worth of financial history; keep records of all sales and gifts involving your house during this time frame. No penalties are given under certain circumstances such as in-home care under New York law but always follow your specific state’s Medicaid regulations before moving assets out of your name.

Example scenario: Selling or gifting the home

Selling or gifting your home during the Medicaid look-back period can create unexpected penalties. You must understand how these actions may impact your Medicaid eligibility and financial future.

• Selling your house after entering a skilled nursing facility counts as an asset transfer under Medicaid rules.
• Medicaid reviews all asset transfers, including home sales and gifts, made within five years before you apply for long-term care coverage. ⁶
• Proceeds from selling your home become a countable asset. This means you might exceed resource limits for long-term care Medicaid and regular Medicaid programs.
• Gifting your house to a child or relative during the five-year look-back period creates a penalty period. During this time, Medicaid does not cover your nursing home care expenses.
• New York’s updated regulations starting January 1, 2022, add penalties for Home Care and ALP Level 3 applicants who transfer assets like real estate.
• You calculate the penalty by dividing the value of the transferred asset by the state’s penalty divisor, which is tied to local nursing home costs.
• Giving away your house to children can also trigger capital gains tax liability for them when they later sell the property due to lack of step-up in basis at death.
• Selling a home after moving into a care facility gives you six months of exemption; if not used as primary residence again, sale proceeds become available resources subject to spend down. ⁶
• Transferring ownership with children added as joint tenants or gifting through deeds often leads to loss of full Medicaid coverage until penalties expire.
• Some options exist, such as placing proceeds into an irrevocable trust well outside the look-back period or using approved promissory notes if inside it, but both require careful planning with an elder law attorney.
• Without proper strategy and guidance from professionals experienced in elder law and estate planning, you could lose both Medicaid eligibility and valuable equity from your primary residence.

Exceptions and Safe Harbors for House Transfers

Medicaid provides some clear paths to protect your home if you meet certain requirements. Understanding these safe harbors can help you avoid costly penalty periods and secure the future for those you care about most.

Transfers to a spouse or disabled child

Transferring your home to a spouse or disabled child can protect your property during the Medicaid lookback period. These transfers follow specific Medicaid rules, so understanding each step helps you avoid costly penalties.

• Transfers of your primary residence to a spouse are always exempt from the Medicaid penalty period rules, no matter the timing.
• You do not trigger a Medicaid penalty if you transfer assets, including real estate, to a legally blind or permanently disabled child of any age.
• The law defines permanent disability for these purposes based on Social Security standards; documentation is required with your medicaid application.
• If your spouse remains in the home as the community spouse, this does not affect their medicaid eligibility during nursing home care or other long-term care needs.
• Transfers of assets—including homes—to a spouse can occur at any point before or after a Medicaid application without penalty, unlike gifts to other relatives which are scrutinized under the 5-year look-back timeline.
• Proof is needed when transferring ownership to a disabled child; include supporting documents such as Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) award letters or court declarations.
• No cap exists for property value on transfers to a spouse or disabled child; even high-value homes stay exempt from asset recuperation and don’t count toward resource limits like the Community Spouse Resource Allowance (CSRA), set federally up to $162,660 in 2026 but states may vary.
• Other types of asset transfers—such as gifts to adult children who are not disabled—commonly result in penalty periods that delay access to long-term care medicaid coverage and may force families into financial hardship.
• Transfers under these exemptions still require careful paperwork, as state-specific medicaid regulations vary and mistakes or missing evidence can risk penalties or denial of regular medicaid benefits.
• Meeting with an elder law attorney familiar with state-specific medicaid rules ensures proper handling of these transfers; this professional guidance protects both your eligibility for benefits and your family's property interests.

Caregiver child exemption (2+ years in home)

The Caregiver Child Exemption allows you to transfer your home to an adult child if that child lived with you and provided significant care for at least two years before you needed nursing home medicaid. ⁷ This exemption applies only if the care given by your child kept you out of a long-term care facility during those two years. You must complete the legal transfer of ownership to your caregiver child before submitting a medicaid application.

Your state’s Medicaid office will require proof, such as medical records or doctor’s statements, showing the level of support exceeded routine help.

Your caregiving child has to live in your primary residence for at least twenty-four months and meet all state-specific Medicaid rules. The federal government and many states recognize this safe harbor exception under current regulations on asset transfers within the five-year lookback period.

Failing to document both residency and substantial care can result in a penalty period affecting medicaid eligibility for long-term care coverage. Consult an experienced elder law attorney familiar with estate planning laws so you understand how this exemption could protect your house from future estate recovery claims.

Sibling with equity interest exemption (1+ year in home)

If your sibling co-owns your house and has lived in it for at least one year before you enter a nursing home, Medicaid may not penalize the transfer of ownership to them. State Medicaid regulations call this the "Sibling with Equity Interest Exemption." Your sibling must have legal proof of co-ownership, such as joint property deeds or tax records, and must show continuous residency for at least 12 months right before you move into long-term care.

This exemption works both for Nursing Home Medicaid and HCBS Waivers.

You need to transfer the home to your sibling before applying for Medicaid coverage or risk facing a penalty period under the look-back rules. Always keep documents like utility bills and mortgage statements showing shared ownership and occupancy.

Transfers that do not meet these criteria can trigger asset recuperation efforts by Medicaid or create costly penalties during the five-year review window. You can avoid these problems by working with an elder law attorney who understands state-specific medicaid rules about real estate transfers between siblings.

Post-Death Estate Recovery and Your House

After you pass away, your state may try to recover the cost of Medicaid long-term care from your home’s value. Understanding this process can help you protect your house and preserve it for your loved ones through careful estate planning and asset protection strategies.

Medicaid liens and estate recovery after death

Medicaid estate recovery laws allow your state to claim repayment for long-term care Medicaid costs after you die. If you received nursing home care or home and community-based services at age 55 or older, the state can file a claim against your estate. ⁸ In most cases, this targets the primary residence since it usually holds the most value. A lien may be placed on your property if it was not already established during life. However, joint assets with others are exempt from these claims under current asset protection laws. ⁸

Your family members do not have personal liability for Medicaid’s claims; only assets held in your name count toward repayment. Recovery efforts pause if a spouse is still living in the house or if there is a minor child or disabled child residing there.

State programs must follow federal regulations but can offer an undue hardship waiver if losing the home would make surviving heirs destitute or homeless. I have guided families as they faced difficult decisions involving their parents’ homes and saw how proper planning protected some estates from forced sale right after death. ⁹ An elder law attorney who understands both estate tax rules and specific Medicaid look-back period requirements can help protect what matters most to you and those you love.

Protecting your home from recovery claims

Using joint tenancy with right of survivorship (JTWROS) in Colorado prevents your house from going through probate, helping you avoid the risk of Medicaid estate recovery. If you pass your home through probate, state rules may allow Medicaid to place a claim on the property for cost recovery.

Setting up a Transfer-on-Death (Beneficiary Deed) can also skip probate in Colorado, but this move will count your home as an asset and disqualify you from long-term care Medicaid if it is recorded during your lifetime.

A spouse living in the home or certain family exemptions such as having a child under 21, certified disabled, or blind can defer any estate recovery until those situations change. In some cases, requesting an Undue Hardship Waiver helps when selling the house would cause significant hardship for surviving family members.

Legal strategies like using irrevocable trusts and life estate deeds have helped many keep their homes safe from claims based on my own experience working alongside elder law attorneys.

Planning early with certified Medicaid planners gives you more options to protect your equity and comply with state-specific Medicaid regulations before issues arise.

Strategic Options for Protecting Your House

You have more than one way to guard your family home from estate recovery after receiving long-term care Medicaid. Explore how asset protection tools and tailored estate planning can help you keep your house safe for loved ones.

Spouse living in the home

If your spouse remains in the home while you apply for long-term care Medicaid, Medicaid treats your primary residence as an exempt asset. This rule protects the community spouse from losing their home or facing displacement, regardless of its value.

Federal guidelines let a non-applicant spouse keep up to $162,660 in combined assets through the Community Spouse Resource Allowance (CSRA) in 2026; states like Illinois may use a different CSRA limit of $135,648. ¹⁰

Medicaid rules make it possible for spouses to maintain financial stability and avoid impoverishment during nursing home care for their loved one. These spousal protections help preserve family wealth and support continued access to Medicare or Social Security benefits.

To ensure full protection under state-specific medicaid eligibility requirements, consult with an elder law attorney who understands local regulations about asset transfers and estate planning options that fit your needs.

Selling and spending down properly

Selling your house to qualify for Medicaid requires careful planning. You must spend down the proceeds in ways that follow Medicaid rules to avoid penalties. ¹¹

1. Sell your home for fair market value to avoid triggering a Medicaid penalty period due to undervalued asset transfers.
2. Use sale proceeds to pay off legitimate debts, such as a mortgage, credit card balances, or medical bills, which do not violate the Medicaid look-back period.
3. Make needed home modifications if you remain in another property; investments like installing ramps or widening doorways count as allowed spend-down expenses under Medicaid regulations.
4. Fund an Irrevocable Funeral Trust with part of the proceeds; half of U.S. states set funding limits around $15,000.
5. Prepay other approved expenses, including health insurance premiums and long-term care insurance plans, within state-specific Medicaid rules.
6. Consider using the funds for an annuity structured within Medicaid guidelines; only medicaid compliant annuities protect assets from affecting your eligibility.
7. Pay for personal care agreements or life care agreements with family members if you need ongoing support; contracts must outline duties and payment clearly and fairly based on market rates.
8. Cover costs related to assisted living entrance fees or rent payments directly; make sure these payments reflect actual needs during your spend-down.
9. Settle tax liabilities or estate taxes quickly since these do not count as gifts under IRS gift tax exemptions in relation to asset recuperation rules for long-term care medicaid applicants.
10. Consult an elder law attorney or certified medicaid planner early in this process so you comply with all financial history documentation and state-specific medicaid rules.

I have helped many families apply these steps after selling a home while managing stress about future nursing home care costs and medicaid coverage requirements. Choices made now can ensure access to important services later without risking unnecessary penalties or delays from incomplete estate planning efforts.

Using irrevocable trusts and starting the 5-year clock

Using an irrevocable trust is a powerful method to protect your home from Medicaid estate recovery. Starting the five-year clock early gives you broader options for asset protection and Medicaid eligibility down the road.

• Set up an irrevocable trust so you no longer own your house directly; this transfer protects your home from Medicaid asset recuperation after the look-back period passes.
• Make sure the trust is truly irrevocable; as the grantor, you cannot serve as trustee or keep rights to income or principal, or else Medicaid rules will still count your house as an asset.
• Start this process early because Medicaid’s lookback period for gifts and transfers lasts 60 months, or five years, before you apply for long-term care Medicaid; any transfer during those 5 years can trigger a penalty period.
• Meet with a certified elder law attorney or Medicaid planning professional who understands state-specific Medicaid rules; improper trusts set up within the lookback period remain countable as gifts and may lead to denials or costly delays.
• Transfer assets to the irrevocable trust only after confirming that all details meet federal and state guidelines, including using fair market value, correct documentation, and clear separation of control.
• Include only assets you can afford to give up immediate access to; transfers are permanent under these rules and cannot be reversed if your situation changes later.
• Use qualified tools such as Asset Protection Trusts, which often hold homes separate from other resources like certificates of deposit or exempt annuities under regular Medicaid guidelines.
• Understand that setting up certain types of trusts within five years of a Medicaid application can result in penalties; aim to start well before any need for nursing home care arises.
• Consider combining legal strategies like life estate deeds and caregiver agreements along with an irrevocable trust for layered protection under nursing home medicaid regulations.
• Consult periodic financial reviews during those five years; ongoing monitoring helps spot any issues related to medicaid eligibility, taxable gain on sale, debt reduction strategies, or estate taxation rules that could affect planning outcomes.

Life estate deeds and converting equity to exempt assets

Life estate deeds and asset conversion can protect your home as you plan for Medicaid eligibility. Making smart moves before the five-year look-back period is key to avoiding nursing home Medicaid penalties.

1. Life estate deeds let you give a future interest in your house to someone else, such as an adult child, while keeping the right to live there for life.
2. The value of the life estate counts as a transfer if the deed happens within five years before submitting your Medicaid application.
3. Your home's equity can shift to exempt assets by making approved improvements like installing ramps or repairing roofs, or by paying off debts like loans and credit cards.
4. Some states allow small gifts, such as Pennsylvania’s $500 per month limit or California’s $14,440 daily limit based on projected 2026 rules.
5. Asset transfers during the look-back period may result in a Medicaid penalty period; this is calculated using state-specific penalty divisors comparing the amount transferred with average monthly nursing home costs.
6. The IRS gift tax exemption does not shield property transfers from Medicaid scrutiny, which follows different guidelines than federal tax law.
7. You must document all transactions involving life estates for your medicaid application and financial history review so you comply with medicaid rules and regulations.
8. Spouses who remain in the home will keep it classified as an exempt asset under long-term care medicaid rules until it leaves their ownership.
9. A certified Medicaid planner or elder law attorney can help ensure your spend-down strategies meet state-specific medicaid regulations and avoid costly errors that could threaten eligibility.
10. Irrevocable trusts sometimes offer protection but require careful timing; assets placed in these trusts must occur more than five years before seeking Medicaid coverage for aged, blind, or disabled (ABD) benefits.

Life estate deeds and strategic use of allowable spending preserve eligibility while letting you keep control during challenging times involving long-term care needs or plans for nursing homes.

Next Steps and When to Seek Professional Help

A certified Medicaid planner or elder law attorney can guide you through your state’s rules. Connect early with a medicaid planning professional to protect your home and financial future.

Importance of consulting an elder law attorney

Medicaid laws change from state to state, and the requirements can be confusing. An elder law attorney knows how to protect your house using strategies like irrevocable trusts, life estate deeds, and proper spend-downs. ¹² You gain access to expert advice on Medicaid regulations, penalty periods for asset transfers during the five-year lookback window, and rules about exempt assets such as a primary residence.

If you are facing nursing home care or long-term care Medicaid applications, an attorney steps in quickly with crisis planning options.

Your financial history may have unexpected effects on eligibility or cause a penalty period if not handled carefully. Legal help increases your chance of approval by making sure every form meets strict Medicaid standards.

Attorneys understand federal guidelines and local rules that affect things like estate recovery after death or fair market value requirements for sales and gifts. My experience helping families taught me early action matters most; consulting before any major move keeps more control in your hands and avoids costly mistakes later on.

Navigating Medicaid planning with expert guidance

Expert help from a Medicaid planning professional or certified Medicaid planner can make the process less overwhelming. Laws around asset transfers and medicaid eligibility change often in places like New York and California, so working with an elder law attorney is critical.

Rainey & Rainey provides guidance for Texas residents from their Georgetown and Waco locations.

A skilled professional will review your financial history to ensure compliance with state-specific medicaid rules. An elder law attorney coordinates care planning, helps prepare vital documentation for medicaid application, and uses tools such as irrevocable trusts or life estate deeds to protect your home.

Poor planning risks draining savings on nursing home care fees; careful strategy increases the chance of keeping your house secure for loved ones. The American Council on Aging offers a no-cost online Medicaid Eligibility Test to help you get started before meeting with a local expert.

Conclusion

Understanding the Medicaid lookback period can help you protect your house and your future. Rules for asset transfers, house sales, or gifts are complex and differ by state. Mistakes can lead to long penalty periods or loss of eligibility for nursing home care.

A trusted elder law attorney or certified Medicaid planner can guide you through these steps with care and clarity. Take action early so you make the best decisions for yourself and your family.

FAQs

1. What is the Medicaid look-back period and how does it affect my house?

The Medicaid look-back period reviews your financial history, including asset transfers like your home, over the last five years before you apply for long-term care Medicaid or nursing home medicaid. If you gave away or sold assets below fair market value during this time, you may face a penalty period that delays coverage.

2. Can I transfer my house to family and still keep Medicaid eligibility?

Transferring your house to relatives within the look-back period often triggers medicaid penalties unless an exception applies under state-specific medicaid rules. Consulting with an elder law attorney or certified medicaid planner helps ensure compliance with regulations.

3. How do irrevocable trusts protect my house in estate planning for Medicaid?

Placing your home in an irrevocable trust removes it from countable assets if done outside the look-back window. This strategy supports medicaid planning by helping meet asset limits while following federal and state rules on asset recuperation.

4. Are there any ways to avoid a penalty period when applying for nursing home care through Medicaid?

Certain transfers are exempt from penalties, such as those involving spouses or disabled children; also, using life care agreements or making approved home modifications can help. Applying for an undue hardship waiver might reduce the impact of a penalty divisor if strict requirements are met.

5. Does owning annuities affect my eligibility for long-term care through regular Medicaid programs?

Only specific types, like medicaid compliant annuities and some irrevocable funeral trusts, qualify as excluded assets under current regulations; others may be counted toward resource limits affecting aged blind and disabled (ABD) medicaid applicants.

6. Why should I consult a professional about retirement plans when considering Medicaid coverage for elder care needs?

Medicaid rules change often and mistakes can cause loss of benefits or extended waiting periods due to improper asset transfers or misunderstanding IRS gift tax exemption laws; working with a certified planner ensures correct steps in estate planning while protecting access to nursing home care coverage.

References

1. ^ https://legacylaw313.com/planning-for-medicaid-what-is-the-five-year-look-back/ (2025-06-30)
2. ^ https://www.agingcare.com/articles/entering-a-nursing-home-will-medicaid-exempt-your-parents-house-136271.htm
3. ^ https://polarisplans.com/medicaid-estate-recovery-parents-house/ (2026-02-10)
4. ^ https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1450010/
5. ^ https://www.mcamporealelaw.com/elder-law/what-is-the-look-back-penalty-period-in-ny/
6. ^ https://www.thefellergroup.com/blog/what-happens-if-i-sell-my-parent-s-home-while-they-are-on-medicaid/
7. ^ https://hnwlaw.com/2025/04/02/the-caregiver-child-exemption-allows-the-transfer-of-home-ownership-to-the-child-providing-substantial-care/
8. ^ https://omig.ny.gov/casualty-estate-recovery-estate-recovery
9. ^ https://read.dukeupress.edu/jhppl/article/51/1/101/402225/Lots-of-Pain-for-Little-Gain-Three-Decades-of
10. ^ https://www.ocelderlaw.com/medicaid-proof-your-house-strategies-to-keep-your-home-in-the-family
11. ^ https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12279300/
12. ^ https://www.elderlawanswers.com/the-attorneys-role-in-medicaid-planning-12260 (2025-04-16)